In the Fourteenth Revelation, Julian considers what the Lord taught her about different types of prayer. She understands the prayer of thanksgiving as “a true, inward knowing, with great reverence and lovely awe,” whereby we offer all our efforts and energies to the daily tasks that are God’s will for us, all the while “rejoicing and thanking inwardly.”

Notice that Julian stresses the importance of rejoicing in the good works we are enabled to do by the grace of God. Not only that, but she declares that our prayer and our trust should never be timid, but “both alike large,” which in Middle English suggests ample and even ambitious: “For if we do not trust as much as we pray, we do not give the fullest worship to our lord in our prayer, and also we hinder and trouble ourselves.” We must constantly remind ourselves that “our Lord is the ground in whom our prayer springs” and that prayer is itself “given to us by grace of his love”; then we will be able to trust that we will receive “all that we desire.”
 
This Thanksgiving Day, let us go deeper into The Art of Giving Thanks. Amidst the festivities, let us take some quiet time to discover a “true, inward knowing” whereby we realize that all we are, all we love, and all we have, come from our Creator who gives our lives to us out of love. Let us offer all our efforts from the past year, our joys and sorrows, our works and forms of service, “rejoicing and thanking inwardly” that we were given the grace to accomplish them!

Let our Thanksgiving Day prayer of gratitude be "large" and plentiful toward all those we love and with whom we work. And let us trust “mightily” that the values we sincerely strive to live by will bear fruit eventually. How can we be sure of this? Because, as the Lord revealed to Julian: “I am the ground of your beseeching.” Our longings for justice and truth; for greater compassion for the poor, the suffering, and marginalized;  for healing and mercy; for love and peace that arise in our heart during prayer come directly from the grace of divine love. Therefore, how could it be that our prayers would not be answered?

This Thanksgiving Day, and every day, let us give thanks that the Spirit is always praying within us: “for we do not know how to pray as we ought, but that very Spirit intercedes for us with sighs too deep for words” (Rom 8:26 NRSV). And let us rejoice that the work of the Holy Spirit never, ever fails.

I wish you all a blessed Thanksgiving!

​​PLEASE NOTE: The excerpts above are from "An Explorer’s Guide to Julian of Norwich" (InterVarsity Academic Press, 2018). Copyright © 2018 by Veronica Mary Rolf. All rights reserved. This article may not be copied or reprinted without the express permission of the author.

In the Fourteenth Revelation, Julian considers what the Lord taught her about different types of prayer. She understands the prayer of thanksgiving as “a true, inward knowing, with great reverence and lovely awe,” whereby we offer all our efforts and energies to the daily tasks that are God’s will for us, all the while “rejoicing and thanking inwardly.”

Notice that Julian stresses the importance of rejoicing in the good works we are enabled to do by the grace of God. Not only that, but she declares that our prayer and our trust should never be timid, but “both alike large,” which in Middle English suggests ample and even ambitious: “For if we do not trust as much as we pray, we do not give the fullest worship to our lord in our prayer, and also we hinder and trouble ourselves.” We must constantly remind ourselves that “our Lord is the ground in whom our prayer springs” and that prayer is itself “given to us by grace of his love”; then we will be able to trust that we will receive “all that we desire.”
 
This Thanksgiving Day, let us go deeper into The Art of Giving Thanks. Amidst the festivities, let us take some quiet time to discover a “true, inward knowing” whereby we realize that all we are, and all we love, and all we have, comes from our Creator who gives it to us out of love. Let us offer all our efforts from the past year, our joys and sorrows, our works and forms of service, “rejoicing and thanking inwardly” that we were given the grace to accomplish them!

Let our Thanksgiving Day prayer be large and plentiful toward all those we love and with whom we work. And let us trust “mightily” that the values we sincerely strive to live by will bear fruit eventually. How can we be sure of this? Because, as the Lord revealed to Julian: “I am the ground of your beseeching.” Our longings for justice and truth, for greater compassion for the poor, the suffering, and the marginalized, for healing and mercy, for love and peace that arise in our prayer come directly from the grace of divine love. Therefore, how could it be that our prayer would not be answered?

This Thanksgiving Day, and every day, let us give thanks that the Spirit is always praying within us: “for we do not know how to pray as we ought, but that very Spirit intercedes for us with sighs too deep for words” (Rom 8:26 NRSV). And let us rejoice that the work of the Holy Spirit never, ever fails.
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I wish you all a blessed, holy Thanksgiving!

​​PLEASE NOTE: The excerpts above are from "An Explorer’s Guide to Julian of Norwich" (InterVarsity Academic Press, 2018). Copyright © 2018 by Veronica Mary Rolf. All rights reserved. This article may not be copied or reprinted without the express permission of the author.

The “godly will” was one of the many insights that Julian of Norwich received during her decades of contemplation on the Fourteenth Revelation. She perceived that there is “a godly will that never assented to sin, nor never shall.” What is this godly will? Julian understood that the godly will is our divinely created nature, fashioned out of nothing in the image and likeness of God (Gen 1:26). It is our existential link to our Creator, which may never be broken. It is the indwelling of God’s will in our soul, and it is our soul’s will and desire to be united with God. No one and nothing can satisfy that desire but God.
     Theologically speaking, the godly will is the “higher part,” or pure substance of the soul, which “wills good and works good in the sight of God.” It includes our mental capacities to be aware, to reason, to remember, and to choose the good. Unlike the “lower part” of the soul that conditions our natural appetites for food, procreation, and self-preservation, the “higher part” of the soul wills our spiritual perfection. In truth, “we are what he has made us, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand to be our way of life” (Eph 2:10). For Julian, we are not only created good; we are created "godly."
      Of course, we may misuse and abuse our godly will. Because of sin, the rational and sensual faculties of our soul have become weakened, ignorant, easily misguided. Thus we may turn away from the eternal good for which we are created, give in to the carnal drives of our lower nature, and choose lesser goods that involve sinful behavior. Then we may fall into a ditch of darkness and despair through our “feebleness and blindness.” But Julian insists that the soul that shall be saved never fully assents to serious sin; therefore, sin does not nullify the godly will, for it is ever kept safe and secure in the ground of our Christ-redeemed humanity.

      Think of it! Even when we sin, God sustains our soul’s awareness (without which we would not be able to experience anything), as well as our rational ability to know and to choose the good. Even when we go astray, God continues to love us unconditionally and sends his Son to bring us back home. Moreover, because of our glorious redemption, when God “looks” at us, God sees the Beloved, with whom he is “well pleased” (Mt 3:17; Lk 3:22). This is what it means for our essential nature to be kept “whole and safe”: we are inseparably knitted and oned to Christ.
      So let us not grow weary in following our higher nature in being good and in doing good, especially when the world around us seems to be on a dark trajectory. Divine Love upholds the truth and goodness of our godly will and Christ himself is overcoming the world!

​PLEASE NOTE: The excerpts above are from "An Explorer’s Guide to Julian of Norwich" (InterVarsity Academic Press, 2018). Copyright © 2018 by Veronica Mary Rolf. All rights reserved. This article may not be copied or reprinted without the express permission of the author.

Julian knew well that “God is love” (1 Jn 4:8). In her mystical theology, she will carry that truth to its fullest implication: God cannot stop loving us because that’s who God is. Unlike the anthropomorphic image of a highly volatile God—loving us when we are obedient, then becoming “wroth” and punishing us when we disobey, then relenting and taking pity on us—Julian’s understanding of divine love is that it is eternally constant; it does not change. It is we humans who are changeable. We accept or reject or simply ignore God’s love. But God never ceases loving and protecting us, even in our misdeeds.
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How We View God
The way we view God is really up to us. If we are open and receptive to divine love and willing to share that love with each other, then we will surely recognize God as the wellspring and fulfillment of every love. If, on the other hand, we fail to love God and each other, if we are unjust, unkind, unforgiving, and unfaithful, eventually we become guilt-ridden. Then what do we do? We get angry with ourselves and project that anger onto God: “God must be angry  with me. God is a wrathful God.” What a terrible injustice to God. It may take a long time for us to outgrow our age-old projections of God as changeable, vindictive, and wrathful. Those of us who were terrified as children by the threat of God’s punishment may still be struggling to do so. Julian’s Revelations will help us. In fact, she sees that Christ scorns Satan’s evil designs on us, utterly deriding their (lack of) power. Christ wants us to do the same. This realization was so liberating for Julian, it made her laugh out loud.

Julian's Struggle
Nevertheless, as a devout Christian, Julian could not discount the gravity of sin and the necessity of punishment for wrong deeds, whether by suffering here on earth or after death, in purgatory or in hell. She readily acknowledges that she was never tempted to give up the teachings of the church on sin and restitution; in fact, she “had teaching to love it and like it." She freely admits “that we are sinners and do many evils that we ought to leave, and leave many good deeds undone that we ought to do, wherefore we deserve pain, blame, and wrath." Nevertheless, Julian could not deny the truth of her revelation that God is “never wroth” and assigns “no manner of blame” to sinners.

In our sadly divided nation, torn apart by mistrust, hatred, and horrific acts of violence, we ache to know how it is that Christ will “make alle thing wele” when it is obvious that all is not very well. In her own war-torn, divisive, and plague-filled fourteenth century, Julian longed to know the same thing. In the course of her visionary experiences, she dared to ask Christ on the cross: “‘Ah, good lord, how might alle be wele for the great harm that has come by sinne to thy creatures?’ And here I desired, as far as I dared, to have some more open teaching wherewith I might be eased in this.” In other words, just like us, Julian needed reassurance that even the worst evil could be transformed by Christ’s sacrifice.
 
Christ was not at all offended by Julian’s insistent questioning. With a loving expression, he answered that “Adam’s sinne was the most harm that ever was done or ever shalle [be done] to the world’s end.” Yet Christ did not want her to focus on that (or any other) devastating sin, but rather behold his own glorious atonement, which is more pleasing to God and gives more worship than ever Adam’s sin was harmful. The Lord wants us to take heed of this: “For since I have made wele the greatest harm, then it is my will that thou know thereby that I shall make wele alle that is less.” In other words, no sin is too terrible to be forgiven by the love and mercy of God (or too trite not to need forgiveness).
 
Christ’s Answer
Deep within her soul, Julian heard a glorious locution concerning the ways in which Christ makes all things well. “And thus our good lord answered to all the questions and doubts that I might make, saying very comfortingly: ‘I may make alle thing wele, and I can make alle thing wele, and I wille make alle thing wele, and I shalle make all thing wele. And thou shalt see thyself that alle manner of thing shalle be wele.’”
 
Here, Jesus reveals five distinct ways in which he makes “alle thing wele.” First, because he is Divine Power, Christ may do it in the sense that he is able to do all that needs to be done. Second, because he is Divine Wisdom, Christ can do it, which implies that he knows how to accomplish it. Third, because it is the Father’s wish, Christ will do it because he chooses to do so. Fourth, since it is Christ’s own intention to make everything well, he shall do it. And fifth, because he wants to comfort her, Christ promises Julian that she shall see herself that “alle manner of thing shalle be wele.” Julian further understands that where Christ says “I may,” that indicates the Father; where he says “I can,” that is the Son; and where he says “I will,” that is the Holy Ghost; and by the “I shall,” that is the unity of the Blessed Trinity. Finally, where Christ says, “Thou shalt see thyself,” she understood “the oneing of all mankind that shalle be saved into the blissful trinity.” (It should be noted that since the Middle English wele was a form of weal, it meant not only “well,” but the greatest possible happiness and “well-being.” Also, shalle in Middle English conveyed much stronger intent than will.)
 
Julian understands: “Therefore this is his thirst: a love-longing to have us all together, whole in him to his endless bliss, as to my sight.” Christ’s love-longing is like that of a parent who stands watch at the window, expectantly waiting to have all the children arrive back home at last, safe and sound. Julian further acknowledges that God is continually “making well” not only the noblest and the greatest things, but also the least little things. Nothing will be forgotten.
 
Yet Julian still laments that “there are many evil deeds done in our sight and such great harms suffered, that it seems to us that it would be unpossible that it ever could come to a good end.” Like us, she considers why we cannot see evil being made well right now. Julian explains why: “And the cause is this: that the use of our reason is now so blind, so low and so simple, that we can not know the high, marvelous wisdom, the might, and the goodness of the blissful trinity.”
 
Furthermore, we are burdened by sin, which is “the sharpest scourge that any chosen soul may be smitten with.” But Julian affirms that there is always hope for a complete transformation of every person: “by contrition we are made clean, by compassion we are made ready, and by true longing for God we are made worthy.” As we are purified by suffering, both individually and communally, we will develop the minds and hearts to see how all things are being made well—in an ultimate sense. That is Christ’s promise.
 
PLEASE NOTE: The excerpts above are from the just-published An Explorer’s Guide to Julian of Norwich (InterVarsity Academic Press, June, 2018). Copyright © 2018 by Veronica Mary Rolf. All rights reserved. This article may not be copied or reprinted without the express permission of the author.
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What is it about Julian that speaks to us today? Why are her fourteenth-century Revelations of Divine Love so relevant to us in the twenty-first century? What is Julian telling us that we desperately need to hear in our violent, suffering world? . . .
 
A Voice for Our Time
Perhaps the best answer to the question “Why Julian now?” is that in our age of uncertainty, inconceivable suffering, and seemingly perpetual violence and war (not unlike fourteenth-century Europe), Julian shows us the way toward contemplative peace. In a time of rampant prejudice and religious persecution, Julian inspires us to non-judgmental acceptance and universal compassion. In a world of deadly diseases and ecological disasters, Julian teaches us how to endure pain in patience and trust that Christ is working to transform every cross into resurrected glory. In a generation of doubt, cynicism, and disbelief, Julian offers a radiant vision of faith and hope—not in ourselves, but in the Lord who created us, loves us, and will never, ever abandon us.
 
Moreover, across six centuries, Julian’s voice speaks to us about love. She communicates personally, as if she were very much with us here and now. Even more than theological explanations, we all hunger for love. Our hearts yearn for someone we can trust absolutely—divine love that can never fail. Julian reveals this love because, like Mary Magdalene, she experienced it firsthand. Julian tells us about her mystical visions of Christ’s love on the cross and how that love totally transformed her life. Unlike other medieval mystics (who may appear sometimes too extreme, too ascetic, or too intellectual for our postmodern taste), Julian comes across as a flesh and blood woman, thoroughly sympathetic to our human condition. And in heartfelt terms she expresses her profound awareness of God who became human like us, suffered, died, and was transformed into glory.
 
Why is Julian so appealing today?
I think because she is totally vulnerable and transparently honest, without any guile. She is “homely”; in medieval terms, that means down-to-earth, familiar, and easily accessible. She is keenly aware of her spiritual brokenness and longs to be healed. So do we. She experiences great suffering of body, mind, and soul. So do we. She has moments of doubt. So do we. She seeks answers to age-old questions. So do we. Then, at a critical turning point in her revelations, she is overwhelmed by joy and “gramercy” (great thanks) for the graces she is receiving. We, too, are suddenly granted graces and filled to overflowing with gratitude. Sometimes, we even experience our own divine revelations.
 
Again and again, Julian reassures each one of us that we are loved by God, unconditionally. In her writings, we hear Christ telling us, just as he told Julian: “I love you and you love me, and our love shall never be separated in two.” Indeed, Julian’s teachings have greatly endeared her to Christians and non-Christians alike. Everyone can relate to her as a spiritual mentor because we sense that, even though she lived and wrote six hundred years ago, Julian the mystic, the seeker, and the theologian is very much “a woman for all seasons.” Julian’s voice of prophetic hope, speaking to us from the fourteenth century, is one that we in the twenty-first century desperately need to hear.
PLEASE NOTE: The excerpts above are from the just-published An Explorer’s Guide to Julian of Norwich (InterVarsity Academic Press, June, 2018). Copyright © 2018 by Veronica Mary Rolf. All rights reserved. This article may not be copied or reprinted without the express permission of the author.

Today, May 8th, is Julian’s Feast Day in the Anglican and Lutheran Churches. In the Catholic Church, Julian is celebrated on May 13th. In Julian’s honor, let us consider these words from the Revelations of Divine Love that appear near the very end of her book and, no doubt, her long life:
​Our faith is a light, naturally coming from our endless day that is our father, God; in which light our mother, Christ, and our good lord, the Holy Ghost, lead us in this mortal life . . . And at the end of woe, suddenly our eye shall be opened, and in clearness of sight our light shall be full . . . Thus I saw and understood that our faith is our light in our night, which light is God, our endless day.
Faith, Hope, and Love
Julian extols faith as the light that shines in our darkness, amidst our fears, within our sadness, and through all our joys. It is the presence of the blessed Trinity within us that keeps us hope-filled even when we see no way out of our predicament or the sufferings of the world. She further identifies the source of our light as none other than “charity” or spiritual love. This charity keeps us in faith and in hope, and faith and hope lead us ever more deeply into charity. Like St. Paul, Julian is convinced that, at the end “alle shalle be charity.”
Julian was also shown three ways of understanding this light of charity: uncreated charity (which is God’s love), created charity (which is the soul within God’s love), and charity given (which is the virtue of love). This gift of love that is bequeathed to us through the working of grace enables us to “love God for himself, and our self in God, and all that God loves, for the sake of God.” Julian marveled greatly at this virtue of charity because she realized that even though we live foolishly and blindly here on earth, yet God always beholds our efforts to lead lives of love. Furthermore, Julian assures us that God takes great joy in our good deeds. In fact, she reiterates that the best way we can please God is by wisely and truly believing that we please him, and “to rejoice with him and in him.”
For as truly as we shall be in the bliss of God without end, praising and thanking him, as truly have we been in the foresight of God, loved and known in his endless purpose from without beginning, in which unbegun love he created us. In the same love he keeps us, and never suffers us to be hurt by which our bliss might be lessened. And therefore when the final judgment is given, and we are all brought up above, then shall we clearly see in God the privities which now are hidden from us.

On her Feast Day, may Julian’s words reassure us that faith, hope, and charity are living realities and powerful gifts, flowing from the very life of the Trinity within us. Let us rejoice that the Lord is always “pleased” with our efforts to live by the power of these three virtues. And may we experience some measure of Julian’s own joy this day—not because of specific circumstances, but because we are loved by our Creator from “without beginning” and will be loved through all eternity. Happy Julian’s Day!
PLEASE NOTE: The quotations above are from Julian's Gospel: Illuminating the Life & Revelations of Julian of Norwich (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books), Copyright ©2013 by Veronica Mary Rolf. All rights reserved. This article may not be copied or reprinted without the written permission of the author.

Near the beginning of her Revelations, Julian tells us that in her youth, she had “some measure of feeling for the passion of Christ.” Yet she was convinced that her ability to enter into the Lord’s sufferings on Calvary did not go deep enough. She wanted to feel more, to suffer more, in order to have a truer understanding of what Christ underwent to save the world from sin. She hoped that if she received a vision, the reality of Christ’s “bodily pains” would become so physical, so visceral, so immediate that she could experience them as fully as if she had been standing in front of Christ on the cross, next to Mary, his Mother, and Magdalene, and the “others who were Christ’s lovers.” She wanted to be a living figure in the scene of the crucifixion.
       Her prayer was granted. After first seeing Christ come alive on the crucifix that hung before her, she was given a bodily sight of part of his passion. The gruesome experience became so intense that Julian admitted she could not describe the many impressions it had on her. She simply attested that she saw this sight of the passion “bodily, sorrowfully, and obscurely.”

Deep Drying and Deep Dying
“I saw the sweet face as it were dry and bloodless with pale dying; and afterward more deadly pale, languishing; and then it turned more deadly into blue; and afterward more brown blue, as the flesh turned more deeply dead. For his passion showed to me most explicitly in his blessed face, and especially in his lips, there I saw these four colors—those lips that were before fresh and ruddy, lively and pleasing to my sight. This was a terrible change, to see this deep dying. And also the nose withered together and dried, to my sight, and the sweet body waxed brown and black, all changed and turned out from the fair, fresh, and lively color of himself into dry dying.”
       Julian watches Christ suffer and expire in front of her, as she had watched loved ones die in wave after wave of the Great Pestilence. She knows the shriveling of the nose, of the whole body, the progression of color from the blue of deep bruising to brown and thence to black, as the bodily fluids dried up, the blood clotted and ceased to flow. There is more, much more:
“For in that same time that our blessed savior died upon the rood [cross], it was a dry, bitter wind, wondrous cold as to my sight. And at the time all the precious blood was bled out of the sweet body that might pass therefrom, yet there dwelled a moisture in the sweet flesh of Christ, as it was shown. Bloodlessness and pain dried from within, and the blowing of the wind and cold coming from without, met together in the sweet body of Christ. And these four, two without and two within, dried the flesh of Christ over the course of time. And though this pain was bitter and sharp, yet it was very long-lasting, as to my sight. And the pain dried up all the lively spirits of Christ’s flesh.”
       In Julian’s vivid personal experience of the crucifixion, she felt the wind blow frigid, as if blasting from the North Sea, across the broad waters and into Norwich. Julian knew the biting saltiness and searing coldness of that unrelenting wind, and it seemed to be howling that day on Calvary. The wind and the bitter cold are nowhere documented in the gospels, nor are there any details of the endless bleeding and descriptions of Christ’s great pains. In fact, the four gospel accounts do not describe his sufferings at all. This is Julian’s own gospel, told with great attention to the drying up of Christ’s face, lips, and all the life-elements of his body. She is finally and truly “there,” in the midst of the passion, as she had longed to be. And it is more dreadful than she ever could have imagined.

Christ’s Thirst
“And in this drying was brought to my mind this word that Christ said: ‘I thirst.’ For I saw in Christ a double thirst: one bodily, and another ghostly [spiritual]. This word was shown for bodily thirst, and for the ghostly thirst was shown as I shall say after. And I understood by the bodily thirst that the body had lack of moisture, for the blessed flesh and bones were left all alone without blood and moisture.”
      Julian becomes fixated on the “drying” of Christ’s body. It reminds her of, and partially explains, the words spoken by Christ and recorded by John the Evangelist, “I am thirsty” (Jn 19:28). At this moment in Julian’s vision, as on Calvary, all the fluids in Christ’s body have dried up. He is parched, with a terrible human thirst. His tongue is stuck to the roof of his mouth, his lips are swollen, cracked and bleeding. What a pitiful cry Julian hears from the Son of God, who is himself the “fountain of living water” (Jer 2:13), the Savior who Isaiah wrote would “pour water on the thirsty land, and streams on the dry ground” (Is 44:3). This is the same Lord who told the Samaritan woman at the well, “If you knew the gift of God, and who it is that is saying to you, ‘Give me a drink,’ you would have asked him, and he would have given you living water” (Jn 4:10). And this is the Teacher who had cried out, saying, “Let anyone who is thirsty come to me, and let the one who believes in me drink” (Jn 7:37–38). Now, he was like the psalmist, David, in the wilderness of Judah, crying out: “O God, you are my God, I seek you, my soul thirsts for you; my flesh faints for you, as in a dry and weary land where there is no water.” (Ps 63:1)
       Julian does not spare us any aspects of what she saw in her vision. This is perhaps the most graphic account of the crucifixion in medieval literature. It is filled with details that remained indelibly imprinted in Julian’s memory as a result of her keen observation. In addition to the inexorable “drying” of the body, she describes the enlarging of the wounds in the hands due to the great sagging of the body, with hair clinging to the flesh and thorns, and the thorns mingled with flesh and hair, all caked with dried blood. She also tries to convey the drying and browning of Christ’s torn and sagging pieces of skin as “small rumpelde” (that is, slightly rumpled or wrinkled). His matted hair, his dark brown face, his body caked with dried blood, all take on the color of “a dried board when it is aged,” like the wood of the cross itself.
      Julian confesses that she was at a loss to say what it was actually like to watch Christ die. She can write only that, “The showing of Christ’s pains filled me full of pains.” She knows that Christ suffered “once for all” (Heb 10:10), but she also believes Christ showed it to her “as if” she had been there, so that he could “fill me with mind [of the passion], as I had before desired.” In her Revelations, Julian experienced Christ’s agony in her own body, with true compassion for Christ on the cross. She literally suffered with him.
      As we approach Holy Week, might we, like Julian, also seek the “mind of the passion”? Might we dare to "go deeper" into the reality of Good Friday? We have only to take time each day to meditate on Julian’s descriptions of the sufferings of Christ on the cross. In contemplative silence, we may stand at the foot of the cross next to Mary, his Mother, and Magdalene, and the “others who were Christ’s lovers.” With them, we may watch, and wait, and breathe in deep compassion with Christ . . . uniting all the sufferings of our tortured world and our own personal lives to his own. Thus, like Julian, we may help quench the Savior’s thirst for souls by giving him to drink from the depths of our own love.

PLEASE NOTE: The quotations above are from Julian's Gospel: Illuminating the Life & Revelations of Julian of Norwich (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books), Copyright ©2013 by Veronica Mary Rolf. All rights reserved. This article may not be copied or reprinted without the written permission of the author.